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¼½¼Ç ¼±±³ÇÐÀÚ·á > µî·ÏÀÏ 2012-07-13
ÀÛ¼ºÀÚ ¹Ú½Â³² (snpark)
¿Ö ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³²ÀÚµéÀº ¸¹Àº ÀÚ³àµéÀÌ Àִµ¥ ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀϱî? (Why do African men want to have more children, though they have many already?)
°­º´±Ç ¼±±³»ç (AIM Korea Director)
Á×À½°ú ¿µ»ý

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ÇÊÀÚµµ ÀÌÁ¦¼­¾ß ¿Ö ±×Åä·Ï ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¾Æ³»¸¦ µÎ°í ¸¹Àº ÀÚ³àµéÀ» °®°íÀÚ ¾Ö¾²´Â°¡¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº »çÈÄ¿¡ ¿À·¡¿À·¡ ±×µéÀ» ±â¾ïÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Á·µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×µéÀº ¡®½Î½Î¡¯ ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ Àå¼öÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ´ÙÀ½ ÁÖ¿¡ ¡®¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷ÀÇ ½Å°ü¡¯À» »ìÆ캸·Á ÇÑ´Ù.


Death and Eternity

Last week we looked at the fact that African peoples expect human history to continue forever like the rhythm of human life does not end. Then, how do they think of death and immortality?
As an individual gets older, he is in effect moving gradually from the Sasa to the Zamani. In many African societies, a person is not considered a full human being until he has gone through the whole process of physical birth, naming ceremonies, puberty and initiation rites, and marriage. Then he is a complete person.

Similarly, death is a process which removes a person gradually from the Sasa period to the Zamani. After the physical death, the person continues to exist in the Sasa period and does not immediately disappear from it. He is remembered by relatives and friends who knew him in this life. They recall him by name and remember his personality, his character, his words and incidents of his life. If he appears (as people believer), he is recognized by name. The departed appear mainly to the older members of their families, and rarely to their children.

This recognition by name is extremely important. The appearance of the departed may continue for up to four or five generations, so long as someone is alive who once knew the departed personally. When the last person who knew the departed dies, then the departed passes out of the horizon of the Sasa period and he becomes completely dead. He has sunk into the Zamani period. But while the departed person is remembered by name, he is not really dead. He is called a living-dead. The living-dead is a person who is physically dead but alive in the memory of those who knew him in his life as well as being alive in the world of the spirits. So long as the living-dead is remembered, he is in state of personal immortality. From the point of view of the survivors, personal immortality is expressed in acts like respecting the departed, giving bits of food to them, pouring out libation and carrying out instructions given by them.

This concept of personal immortality should be understood in the light of the religious significance of marriage in African societies..If a person who dies does not have close relatives who remember him, he will vanish right away after death. Therefore, it is a duty for everyone to get married. If a man has no children, he finds another wife so that through her children may be born, who would remember him and keep him in personal immortality. The acts of pouring out libation (of, beer, milk, or water), or giving portions of food to the living-dead, are symbols of communion, fellowship and remembrance. These acts are performed within the family. The oldest member of the family is the one who has the longest Sasa period and is the one who has the longest memory. So this person performs these acts of remembrance on behalf of the entire family. Mbiti doesn¡¯t connect this act to ¡®ancestor worship¡¯.

As time passes, the living-dead sink beyond the horizon of the Sasa period. This point is reached when there is no one who remembers them personally by names. Then the process of dying is completed. But the living-dead do not vanish out of existence. They now enter into the state of collective immortality. This is the state of the spirits who are no longer formal members of the human families. People lose personal contact with them. These spirits of the departed together with other spirits occupy the ontological state between God and men.

Beyond the state of the spirits men cannot go or develop. African religious activities are mainly focused upon the relationship between human beings and the departed. If the living-dead are suddenly forgotten, this means that they are cast out of the Sasa period and are in effect excommunicated. They are turned into a state of non-existence. The departed resent it and the living do all they can to avoid it, because it would bring illness and misfortunes to those who forget their departed relatives. When one dies, one enters the state of personal immortality which lies not in the future but in the Zamani.

Now I understood clear why Africans are so anxious to have many children even through many wives. They need family members who can remember them after death for long time, so that they can stay in the Sasa period that much long time. The coming week we are going to look at the Africans¡¯ understanding of God.



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